In RealNetworks Inc. et al. v. DVD Copy Control Association Inc et al. and Universal City Studios LLP et al. v. Real Networks Inc. et al., RealNetworks filed a counterclaim against the movie studios accusing them of violating the Sherman Act by 1) forming an illegal cartel with fellow defendant, the DVD Copy Control Associaion Inc., to block RealNetworks’ program in favor of their own and force consumers to pay twice to make movie copies; and 2) collectively agreeing not to negotiate individual licenses for their content with any potential competitor, thereby creating an illegal scheme between horizontal competitors to eliminate a competitive threat and increase prices.