The European Court of Justice dismissed Akzo Nobel‘s appeal of a 2007 Court of First Instance judgment affirming a fine for cartel activities regarding choline chloride, a feed additive. The fine included the participating subsidiaries as well as the parent company on a theory of joint and several liability. The decision amounts to high court confirmation of the EC’s view that a parent company may be held liable for anti-competitive behavior of its subsidiaries even if did not itself participate in those activities.